Bactria to parts of Gndhara of the Kabul and Punjab, and then by sea freight down the Indus River into Sindh, extended across the Arabian Sea and the Red Sea, and Gndhara continued to trade Chinese and Asian central to northern India.
[See Map seventh: the Silk Road.]
Decorated Buddhist monasteries of the Silk Road from China to the ports of Sindh;, providing places to rest, and large loans to traders. In addition, it Ott Buddhist artisans who resort to B, who were excluded semi-precious stones that were يحضرونها them from China, has contributed to these traders and artisans Buddhists in the provision of material support for President monasteries. Thus trade was essential to the welfare of the Buddhist community.
Before the Arab conquest of Iran impose Alsasenyon - they are the rulers of Iran - heavy taxes on any process for the transport of goods by road passing through their area, and it has preferred to Byzantium trade through sea route the least expensive, which passes the writ until Ethiopia, and then transported overland. But in 551 AD originated silk worm breeding phenomenon in Byzantium, which led to a decline in demand for Chinese silk. The military campaigns prevented Arab trade in the seventh century more, even secured the land trade route that passes through Iran. At the dawn of the eighth century wrote Haj Han Chinese Eging for trade from China to the bond that has shrunk dramatically in Central Asia; as a result of the ongoing war between Umayyad and Chinese Altangeyen the the, the Tibetans and the Eastern Turks, and Ahahien Turks and Altergahien. And therefore resorted initially Chinese pilgrims to travel by sea through the Malacca Strait and Sri Lanka, as did Chinese goods. Thus the Buddhist communities in Sindh in difficult times after the Umayyad invasion.
Invasion of Sindh
During the first years of the Umayyad caliphate tried to invade the Indian sub-continent several times, and was one of the main goals undoubtedly is to impose control over the branch of the trade route that was going down the valley of the Indus River to the sea ports of Sindh. Since they never succeed in grab Gndhara of hands of Turks Ahahien, they were not able to never pass through their territory to enter the sub-continent through the Khyber Pass. Was the only alternative is leave Gndhara and seizure of Sindh to the south, and attacking Gndhara of two fronts.
[See Map eighth: Umayyad campaigns against Sindh and Bactria.]
The first two attempts failed to seize the bond, but in 711 AD - at the same time in which it took almost Samarkand - Arabs finally able to achieve their goal. The Hajjaj bin Yusuf al-Thaqafi at that time governor of the far north of the states of the Empire Umayyad dynasty, which included what is now eastern Iran and Baluchistan (Makran) and southern Afghanistan, has decided to pilgrims Send nephew and son-commander Muhammad bin Qasim with twenty thousand troops, the invasion of Sindh invasion -by land and by sea. The initial goal was to nearby coastal town of Dibble of the current Karachi.
It was then the people of Sindh population mix of Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. The Huanzhang stated that there are more than four hundred Buddhist monastery, and twenty-six thousand monk. The Buddhists form the majority of civil class commercial and craft, while the Hindus often rural farmers. The area was under the rule Tchatc, a Hindu priest with a rural origin, had usurped the authority of the government, and it supports agriculture, and was not interested in the protection of trade.
The Hindus had a layer of warriors that fought Umayyad power along with enormous political and religious leaders. On the other hand Buddhists - who did not have any thought of war or military layer, and is unhappy about policies Tchatc - ready to avoid the destruction and surrender quietly. And defeated soldiers commander Ibn al-Qasim, and slaughtered - said - a large number of local residents, to sign so serious damage to the city; punishment for resisting solid. It is difficult to see how the news exaggeration. In the end, the Arabs wanted to maintain support economic vitality; in order to promote trade that passed through it, and take advantage of them. Although the demolition of the Umayyads Hindu temple, and built a mosque in his place.
And then set off towards the Umayyad forces Nero (Hyderabad, Pakistan), was governor surrendered city Buddhist voluntarily. But the victorious Muslims built a mosque there is also a place of Buddhist monastery President, was untouched the rest of the village. This is another example.
Cooperation of both Buddhists and Hindus with the Arabs, even though the post Buddhists were larger than those given by the Hindus. Thus, two-thirds of the villages of Sindh surrendered peacefully Gzachm, and wrote them conventions and treaties, either those who resisted were attacked by the Umayyads and عاقبوهم, and those who have surrendered or cooperated may give them safety and freedom of worship.
Occupation of Sindh
The follow commander Ibn al-Qasim policy of tolerance with the consent of pilgrims ruling; was granted Buddhists and Hindus status of nationals protected (Zmeon) as long as they privates on their loyalty to the successor Umayyad, and pay tribute, and allowed them to stay on their faith, and the preservation of their land and property. But many traders and craftsmen Buddhists had voluntarily converted to Islam, with the rise of competition among Muslim neighborhoods, he saw a lot of these traders and craftsmen economic benefit to change their religion and pay less tax. In addition to the tribute traders dhimmis had to pay double tax on all goods.
On the other hand, although the leader was interested in expanding the circle of Islam, it was not his main concern President, he certainly has Farah deployment of Islam and bringing people into it, but concern first was to maintain political power, has wanted to assemble ounce of wealth respond money to Pilgrims, to compensate for the high cost that campaign Astnfztha, all former military failures.
Has achieved Arab leader target tax pilgrimage imposed by the Buddhists and Hindus against the visit أضرحتهم sacred, in addition to the tribute, land and tax trade, and perhaps it suggests that the monks of Sindh Buddhists - like their peers in Gndhara north - was a follow as well as the tradition rotten time to impose a tax on Pilgrims to allow them to enter the temples, as it indicates that the Umayyads had seized the intake is not. Thus, the Muslims did not destroy any Buddhist temples or other Hindu in Sindh in general, as well as images and relics preserved within it; because it attracted pilgrims and brought profit.
Mission to Saurashtra
Was Valabi - the largest center of activity Buddhist in western India at the time - shrine on the coast east of Saurashtra in Gujarat, current, has undergone region dynasty Almitraka (480-710 AD), which broke away from the Empire Alguptah first during her last years of decline before occupied by White Huns. According to the novel Huanzhang there were more than a hundred in the region and Monastery six thousands monk.
The monastery complex Duda Vihara largest of these institutes, which is a University Congregation spacious, received wide culture monks did not include Buddhist religious sciences, but also included the medical sciences and mundane. The draws many of its graduates to government service under the rule of family Almitraka; where grants kings every monastery several villages for their support. And when he visited the Hajj Han Chinese Eging center Valabi in recent years to rule Mitraka confirmed the superiority of this university and its greatness.
In 710 AD, prior to one year from the Umayyad invasion of support, disintegrated kingdom Mitraka with the takeover of family Alrachtrakota (710 - 775 m) on the power in most of the kingdom. The new rulers continued their ancestor in the care of Buddhist monasteries; therefore not affected by the training programs in Doda Vihara monastery.
After briefly sent the commander Ibn al-Qasim missions to Saurashtra, where she held his troops treaties peaceful with the rulers of Rachtrakota, and passed the Trade Central India to Byzantium and Europe through the ports of Saurashtra, has wanted the Arabs to impose a tax on trade too, especially if he tried to Indians trade diversion there Gndhara To avoid Sindhi ports.
Muslim soldiers did not sign any damage institutes Buddhism in Valabi in that time, but she continued those institutes prosperity and fit for the monks of refugees who departed from Sindh. In the following years added many monasteries in Valabi of to accommodate the large influx of monks.
Evaluation of the campaign Sindhi
Seems to be the destruction of the Umayyad Buddhist monasteries in Sindh was a rare event and during the initial occupation, it is so conquerors leaders to punish or suppressed opposition, that is not the norm. When the areas surrendered like Saurashtra peacefully did not affect the Umayyads monasteries bad, even if the intention of the Arabs and Muslims on the Elimination of Buddhism what left Valabi at that time. Thus, we can conclude that the acts of violence committed against Buddhist monasteries were generally politically, not religiously motivated. And certainly it may be for individual posts in the events own personal motives.
After spending three years in Sindh commander Ibn al-Qasim returned to the court of pilgrims, leaving to his followers the task of applying utilitarian policy to exploit the emotions of Buddhist and Hindu religious to boost profit. But after a very short period of leaving the local Hindu rulers regained control of most of their areas, leaving the Arabs in a few towns only Sendih.
Arabs to recovery Bactria
In 715 AD Send pilgrims ruling - driven by the success of his nephew in Sindh - Commander Koutaiba of Bactria of recovery during the attack northeast of Iran, has been successful leader, offering The most recent serious harm in Nava Vihara monastery, as punishment for the former rebellion. Many have fled from the monks in the east to Kashmir and Khotan, and King Alcarcota built to Alitadetya (r. 701 to 738 m) several new monasteries in Kashmir, with the encouragement of his minister Bactrian Buddhist; to accommodate the influx of refugees learners. This has contributed to raise the level of Buddhism Kashmiri dramatically.
Was the restoration of the monastery Nava Vihara rapidly, and quickly returned to his earlier work, which indicates that the harm done by Muslims Buddhist monasteries in Bactria was not motivated by religion, even if it is as well as what they allowed to rebuild such an institute.
After the victory in the Umayyad Bactria Ahahien the Turks and their allies, the Tibetans, the non-Tibetans position, and allied themselves now - for the benefit of political - with the Arabs. Since they failed to حلفهم to restore cities oases of the Eastern Turkestan, which they lost by twenty-two years, there is no doubt that the Tibetans Pthafahm with Umayyad طمعوا in the occupation of the Silk Road and their power then, it seems that religious differences have melted when it came to expand the power and increase the coffers state .
The commander grabbed Koutaiba after Ferghana of Altergahien hands help the Tibetans, but he was killed in battle during the launch of a campaign of conquest outfitted additional Kashgar, which was in the hands also Altergahien. The Arabs did not find any other opportunity to advance to the East Turkestan.
The first attempts to spread Islam
Despite a general tendency to religious tolerance by the Umayyad caliphs, the former Omar II (ruled from the years 717 to 720 AD) has pursued a policy of spreading Islam by sending spiritual teachers to the remote country, but his position was weak, and could not impose its strict policy. For example, suppose that the Caliph local leaders can rule Sindh if converted to Islam only. But since the Umayyads influential political authority in Sindh, then leave this view often, did not impose his opinion by force life. New Muslims have lived in harmony with Buddhists and Hindus and السنديين, which continued even after the decline of the Umayyad rule. Inscriptions have indicated Pala Dynasty (750 - the end of the second century AD) in northern India during the subsequent centuries to the presence of Buddhist monks in Sindh.
I suppose your second life as well that all the Umayyad allies will follow Islam, and so sent the royal court Tibetan envoy asks teachers to come to his country, calling to Islam. Then lashing Caliph son Abdullah Hanafi. This teacher did not receive any success recorded in the acquisition of new followers of Islam in Tibet, which confirms the fact that the Umayyads were not adamant in trying to spread their religion. In fact, the Arab tribal much more important for the Umayyads to establish an Islamic society multicultural Where were the conquests in Central Asia we find them may رسخوا the religion and culture of the beginning for themselves.
There were other reasons as well as for non-Tibetans to accept a Muslim teacher. However, those reasons are almost related to Islamic faith itself. Let us look deeper into the political background of this first confrontation between Islam and Buddhism in Tibet.
Chapter 3 of the book's contents Chapter 5
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